{"id":1247,"date":"2010-08-11T18:45:00","date_gmt":"2010-08-11T10:45:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2013-11-11T12:53:53","modified_gmt":"2013-11-11T04:53:53","slug":"%e5%8d%81%e4%b8%aa%e8%91%97%e5%90%8d%e7%9a%84%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%ae%9e%e9%aa%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/1247.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5341\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">10\uff0e\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\uff08The Trolley Problem\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u201c\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u201d\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u81f4\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u75af\u5b50\u628a\u4e94\u4e2a\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u4eba\u7ed1\u5728\u7535\u8f66\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u3002\u4e00\u8f86\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u7535\u8f66\u671d\u4ed6\u4eec\u9a76\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7247\u523b\u540e\u5c31\u8981\u78be\u538b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e00\u4e2a\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u8ba9\u7535\u8f66\u5f00\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u75af\u5b50\u5728\u90a3\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u4e5f\u7ed1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u4e0a\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u62c9\u62c9\u6746\u5417\uff1f \uff08\u519c\u6c11\u6ce8\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u201c\u516c\u5e73\uff1a\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u624d\u6b63\u786e\uff1f\u201d\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u6700\u65e9\u662f\u7531\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Philippa Foot\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4f26\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9053\u5fb7\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u662f\u6839\u636e\u201c\u4e3a\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u62c9\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u62ef\u6551\u4e94\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u6740\u6b7b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u62c9\u4e86\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u540c\u8c0b\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u8981\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u8d1f\u90e8\u5206\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u8eab\u5904\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u8981\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u91cd\u70b9\u6240\u5728\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u7528\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8868\u793a\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdd\u80cc\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u9053\u5fb7\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">9\uff0e\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\uff08The Cow in the field\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u8ba4\u77e5\u8bba\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u6c11\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u83b7\u5956\u7684\u5976\u725b\u8d70\u4e22\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u5230\u4e86\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u519c\u6c11\u4e0d\u8981\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u5934\u5976\u725b\u5728\u9644\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u519c\u6c11\u5f88\u76f8\u4fe1\u9001\u5976\u5de5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u4eb2\u81ea\u770b\u4e86\u770b\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u719f\u6089\u7684\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u5e76\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4f1a\uff0c\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u5230\u90a3\u5757\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u90a3\u5934\u5976\u725b\u786e\u5b9e\u5728\u90a3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8eb2\u5728\u6811\u6797\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u5f20\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u7eb8\u7f20\u5728\u6811\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u628a\u8fd9\u5f20\u7eb8\u9519\u5f53\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5976\u725b\u4e86\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5976\u725b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u519c\u6c11\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u5976\u725b\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\u6700\u521d\u662f\u88abEdmund Gettier\u7528\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684JTB\uff08justified true belief\uff09\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u76f8\u4fe1\u5976\u725b\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e14\u88ab\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\u548c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7269\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u9053\u5976\u725b\u5728\u90a3\u513f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5976\u725b\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0a\u7684\u3002Gettier\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3aJTB\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">8\uff0e\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\uff08The Ticking Time Bomb\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u65f6\u4e8b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u770b\u8fc7\u52a8\u4f5c\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u80af\u5b9a\u5f88\u719f\u6089\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b8\u5f39\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6740\u4f24\u6027\u6b66\u5668\u85cf\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u5230\u96f6\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u7f81\u62bc\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u60c5\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u70b8\u5f39\u7684\u57cb\u85cf\u70b9\u3002\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u9177\u5211\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u60c5\u62a5\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u4e0e\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u60c5\u666f\u4e5f\u662f\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u5f84\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bf4\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u9177\u5211\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u3002\u5b83\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u52bf\u4e0b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e25\u7981\u8650\u56da\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u50cf\u300a24\u5c0f\u65f6\u300b\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u8282\u76ee\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u60c5\u666f\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eca\u5e74\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u4efd\u82f1\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u63d0\u8bae\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u90a3\u4e2a\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u9177\u5211\u6beb\u65e0\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f53\u5c40\u8005\u662f\u5426\u613f\u610f\u62f7\u6253\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u513f\u5973\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u60c5\u62a5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">7\uff0e\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5149\u7ebf\uff08Einstein\u2019s Light Beam\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8457\u540d\u7684\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u662f\u53d7\u542f\u4e8e\u4ed616\u5c81\u505a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u5e7b\u60f3\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e00\u9053\u5149\u7ebf\u3002\u4ed6\u63a8\u7406\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u5149\u901f\u5728\u5149\u7ebf\u65c1\u8fb9\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u5230\u5149\u7ebf\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u632f\u8361\u4f46\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u573a\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5e94\u8be5\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5730\u7403\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u4eba\u786e\u5207\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u5982\u6b64\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5e2e\u52a9\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5b8c\u6210\u5230\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u8fd9\u5982\u6b64\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u201c\u4ee5\u592a\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u8fdd\u80cc\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u597d\u591a\u5e74\u624d\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">6\uff0e\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\uff08The Ship of Theseus\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u6700\u4e3a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u81ea\u666e\u9c81\u5854\u514b\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u8258\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u822a\u884c\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7684\u7ef4\u4fee\u548c\u66ff\u6362\u90e8\u4ef6\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u5757\u6728\u677f\u8150\u70c2\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u6389\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u90e8\u4ef6\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e86\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u8258\u8239\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u662f\u539f\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u8258\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u8258\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8239\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u6765\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u539f\u6765\u7684\u8239\u4e86\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Thomas Hobbes\u540e\u6765\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u6765\u4e86\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\u4e0a\u53d6\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8001\u90e8\u4ef6\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u8258\u65b0\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e24\u8258\u8239\u4e2d\u54ea\u8258\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7b49\u4e8e\u5176\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u4ef6\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e50\u961f\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4e50\u961f\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5e76\u8d2d\u548c\u66f4\u6362\u4e1c\u5bb6\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6765\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4f53\uff0c\u4eba\u4f53\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u590d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8feb\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u53cd\u601d\u8eab\u4efd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">5\uff0e\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08Galileo\u2019s Gravity Experiment\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u9a73\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\u901f\u5ea6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u6784\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f7b\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u5854\u4e0a\u4e22\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u4e0b\u843d\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ef3\u5b50\u4f1a\u88ab\u62c9\u76f4\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u8f7b\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u5bf9\u91cd\u7269\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e0b\u843d\u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u6162\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u90fd\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u843d\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u6700\u5feb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u963b\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7269\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\u7684\u901f\u7387\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">4\uff0e\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\uff08Monkeys and Typewriters\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5360\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u9650\u7334\u5b50\u5b9a\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u5728\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u4e0a\u968f\u673a\u6253\u5b57\uff0c\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u65e0\u9650\u4e45\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u6253\u51fa\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6Emile Borel\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\/\u6240\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u201d\u5b9a\u7406\u662f\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u8111\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u7334\u5b50\u5b9a\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u80fd\u78b0\u5de7\u5199\u51fa\u300a\u54c8\u59c6\u96f7\u7279\u300b\u8fd9\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u91cd\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u963b\u6b62\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff1a2003\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u82f1\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u201c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u201d\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u7334\u5b50\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u4e00\u53f0\u7535\u8111\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\u653e\u8fdb\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u56ed\u533a\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7334\u5b50\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6253\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u5341\u56db\u884c\u8bd7\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u6253\u51fa\u4e865\u9875\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\u201cs\u201d\u7684\u7eb8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">3\uff0e\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\uff08The Chinese Room\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u201c\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\u201d\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6John Searle\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4f4d\u53ea\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u5904\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u95f4\u623f\u95f4\u9664\u4e86\u95e8\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a97\u53e3\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u968f\u8eab\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u672c\u5199\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e66\u3002\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7a3f\u7eb8\u3001\u94c5\u7b14\u548c\u6a71\u67dc\u3002\u5199\u7740\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u7eb8\u7247\u901a\u8fc7\u5c0f\u7a97\u53e3\u88ab\u9001\u5165\u623f\u95f4\u4e2d\u3002\u6839\u636eSearle\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u5b57\u5e76\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u56de\u590d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6587\uff0cSearle\u8ba4\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4efb\u4f55\u623f\u95f4\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8bf4\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> Searle\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u53cd\u9a73\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u6b63\u601d\u8003\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u4e3a\u6bcd\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u80fd\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\u3002\u6839\u636eSearle\uff0c\u7535\u8111\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">2\uff0e\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u7684\u732b\uff08Schrodinger\u2019s Cat\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> 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style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u732b\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u5176\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff08\u65e2\u6b7b\u53c8\u6d3b\uff09\u3002\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u56de\u590d\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ba8\u8bba\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\u3002\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u7684\u732b\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u4ee4\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u56e0\u5176\u590d\u6742\u6027\u800c\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u5c31\u5c5e\u201c\u591a\u91cd\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bf4\u8868\u793a\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u6b7b\u732b\u548c\u4e00\u53ea\u6d3b\u732b\uff0c\u4e24\u53ea\u732b\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4ea4\u96c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">1\uff0e\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u8111\uff08Brain in a Vat\uff09<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> 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style=\"font-size: small;\">\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u50cf\u300a\u9ed1\u5ba2\u5e1d\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u8bf4\u5bf9\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5e7b\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u521b\u4f5c\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u8d28\u7591\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u601d\u8003\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6700\u521d\u539f\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300aMeditations on the First Philosophy\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u80fd\u5426\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4f53\u9a8c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u4e2a\u201c\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u9b54\u9b3c\u201d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u540d\u8a00\u201c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u201d\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u8111\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fde\u63a5\u7740\u7535\u6781\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u7740\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u5b9e\u9a8c\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u6709\u529b\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4f60\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>10\uff0e\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\uff08The Trolley Problem\uff09 \u201c\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u201d\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5185 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-good_story"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1247"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3441,"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247\/revisions\/3441"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kyle.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}